I solved it! Thanks for the directions!
As I wrote I used the config from before - the server wasn't reachable anymore.
After a "hard" restart booting Unraid did not work anymore and I "renewed" the unraid files on the USB stick and copied back the config and was getting this strange IP again and again.
Well, I switched to the onboard NIC. And everything works again.
It seems the 10gb Aquantia card stopped working - I don't know why it does not work anymore. It did before.
It doesn't really matter. Since I will move the server to a new Supermicro Case (a dream by the way!) I will replace the card which resides in the PCI x16 slot with a proper LSI SAS/Sata controller which will replace the two Marvel adapters in 2 x1 slots. I will then stick with the onboard NIC or a new 2,5gb Realtek card I bought recently (not sure if unraid has drivers for this).
Even with enterprise drives Unraid does not write faster than 80gb/s so a 1 gb card or a 2,5 are sufficient.
Thanks for your guys great help - I was starting to get desperate at some point...