I've not tried this, but looking at the environmental variables section here:
https://github.com/abraunegg/onedrive/blob/master/docs/Docker.md
You could try editing the container page before starting and click "Add another Path, Port, Variable, Label or Device".
Change config type to variable and paste ONEDRIVE_UPLOADONLY as the key and 1 as the value. Click add and repeat this step for your other switch "--no-remote-delete" which is the variable ONEDRIVE_NOREMOTEDELETE being set to 1.
I've not tested these but that's what I'd try.