After reviewing the diagnostics, I followed the instructions on how to check filesystem and first ran without the "-n".
Pulled diags again and then ran the check filesystem without the "-n" again, but included "-L" this time. Once the operation was complete (the WebGUI "Main" display no longer showed the disk read/writes increasing), we pulled diags again and then rebooted the machine and started the array again.
At this point, the shares had been restored and the data on the target disk was accessible again. No data loss as far as I can tell. We pulled diags one more time to verify that all looks good.
Thank you for all your help, @JorgeB!