Skip to content
View in the app

A better way to browse. Learn more.

Unraid

A full-screen app on your home screen with push notifications, badges and more.

To install this app on iOS and iPadOS
  1. Tap the Share icon in Safari
  2. Scroll the menu and tap Add to Home Screen.
  3. Tap Add in the top-right corner.
To install this app on Android
  1. Tap the 3-dot menu (⋮) in the top-right corner of the browser.
  2. Tap Add to Home screen or Install app.
  3. Confirm by tapping Install.

Unable to pass audio from Windows VM to monitor/TV

Featured Replies

Below is the XML of the VM and the IOMMU settings from the server. I have a EVGA 1070 with a modified ROM per Space Invader's video for setting up a windows gaming machine. I have not been able to get audio from it outside of using VNC. If it is connected to my TV or a monitor with speakers nothing is outputted. I've also tried over all Display Port and HDMI options. I've reinstalled the GeForce audio drives for the card and tried the card in another machine to confirm. At this point I've tracked this down to the VM configuration. Before I start from scratch I was wondering if anyone has unraid/vm specific troubleshooting ideas.

 

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<domain type='kvm'>
  <name>Virtual Reality</name>
  <uuid>e29c90d5-289f-28ee-fa9b-47b7853be058</uuid>
  <metadata>
    <vmtemplate xmlns="unraid" name="Windows 10" icon="windows.png" os="windows10"/>
  </metadata>
  <memory unit='KiB'>16777216</memory>
  <currentMemory unit='KiB'>16777216</currentMemory>
  <memoryBacking>
    <nosharepages/>
  </memoryBacking>
  <vcpu placement='static'>12</vcpu>
  <cputune>
    <vcpupin vcpu='0' cpuset='0'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='1' cpuset='6'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='2' cpuset='1'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='3' cpuset='7'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='4' cpuset='2'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='5' cpuset='8'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='6' cpuset='3'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='7' cpuset='9'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='8' cpuset='4'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='9' cpuset='10'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='10' cpuset='5'/>
    <vcpupin vcpu='11' cpuset='11'/>
  </cputune>
  <os>
    <type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-i440fx-4.2'>hvm</type>
    <loader readonly='yes' type='pflash'>/usr/share/qemu/ovmf-x64/OVMF_CODE-pure-efi.fd</loader>
    <nvram>/etc/libvirt/qemu/nvram/e29c90d5-289f-28ee-fa9b-47b7853be058_VARS-pure-efi.fd</nvram>
  </os>
  <features>
    <acpi/>
    <apic/>
    <hyperv>
      <relaxed state='on'/>
      <vapic state='on'/>
      <spinlocks state='on' retries='8191'/>
      <vendor_id state='on' value='none'/>
    </hyperv>
  </features>
  <cpu mode='host-passthrough' check='none'>
    <topology sockets='1' cores='6' threads='2'/>
    <cache mode='passthrough'/>
  </cpu>
  <clock offset='localtime'>
    <timer name='hypervclock' present='yes'/>
    <timer name='hpet' present='no'/>
  </clock>
  <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
  <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
  <on_crash>restart</on_crash>
  <devices>
    <emulator>/usr/local/sbin/qemu</emulator>
    <disk type='file' device='disk'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='writeback'/>
      <source file='/mnt/user/domains/Virtual Reality/vdisk1.img'/>
      <target dev='hdc' bus='virtio'/>
      <boot order='1'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='disk'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='writeback'/>
      <source file='/mnt/user/domains/Virtual Reality/vdisk2.img'/>
      <target dev='hdd' bus='virtio'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x05' function='0x0'/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
      <source file='/mnt/user/isos/Windows10/Windows10.iso'/>
      <target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
      <readonly/>
      <boot order='2'/>
      <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/>
    </disk>
    <disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
      <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
      <source file='/mnt/user/isos/virtio-win-0.1.173-2.iso'/>
      <target dev='hdb' bus='ide'/>
      <readonly/>
      <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='1'/>
    </disk>
    <controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-ehci1'>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x07' function='0x7'/>
    </controller>
    <controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci1'>
      <master startport='0'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x07' function='0x0' multifunction='on'/>
    </controller>
    <controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci2'>
      <master startport='2'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x07' function='0x1'/>
    </controller>
    <controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci3'>
      <master startport='4'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x07' function='0x2'/>
    </controller>
    <controller type='pci' index='0' model='pci-root'/>
    <controller type='ide' index='0'>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x1'/>
    </controller>
    <controller type='virtio-serial' index='0'>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/>
    </controller>
    <interface type='bridge'>
      <mac address='52:54:00:d3:dd:7b'/>
      <source bridge='br0'/>
      <model type='virtio'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/>
    </interface>
    <serial type='pty'>
      <target type='isa-serial' port='0'>
        <model name='isa-serial'/>
      </target>
    </serial>
    <console type='pty'>
      <target type='serial' port='0'/>
    </console>
    <channel type='unix'>
      <target type='virtio' name='org.qemu.guest_agent.0'/>
      <address type='virtio-serial' controller='0' bus='0' port='1'/>
    </channel>
    <input type='tablet' bus='usb'>
      <address type='usb' bus='0' port='1'/>
    </input>
    <input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/>
    <input type='keyboard' bus='ps2'/>
    <sound model='ich6'>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x09' function='0x0'/>
    </sound>
    <sound model='ich9'>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x0a' function='0x0'/>
    </sound>
    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
      <driver name='vfio'/>
      <source>
        <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x03' slot='0x00' function='0x0'/>
      </source>
      <rom file='/mnt/user/isos/EVGA_GTX_1070.rom'/>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x06' function='0x0'/>
    </hostdev>
    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
      <driver name='vfio'/>
      <source>
        <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x03' slot='0x00' function='0x1'/>
      </source>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x08' function='0x0'/>
    </hostdev>
    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
      <driver name='vfio'/>
      <source>
        <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x1b' function='0x0'/>
      </source>
      <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x0b' function='0x0'/>
    </hostdev>
    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='usb' managed='no'>
      <source>
        <vendor id='0x045e'/>
        <product id='0x0040'/>
      </source>
      <address type='usb' bus='0' port='2'/>
    </hostdev>
    <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='usb' managed='no'>
      <source>
        <vendor id='0x045e'/>
        <product id='0x00db'/>
      </source>
      <address type='usb' bus='0' port='3'/>
    </hostdev>
    <memballoon model='none'/>
  </devices>
</domain>
IOMMU group 0:	[8086:2f81] ff:0b.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 R3 QPI Link 0 & 1 Monitoring (rev 02)
[8086:2f36] ff:0b.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 R3 QPI Link 0 & 1 Monitoring (rev 02)
[8086:2f37] ff:0b.2 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 R3 QPI Link 0 & 1 Monitoring (rev 02)
IOMMU group 1:	[8086:2fe0] ff:0c.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fe1] ff:0c.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fe2] ff:0c.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fe3] ff:0c.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fe4] ff:0c.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fe5] ff:0c.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Unicast Registers (rev 02)
IOMMU group 2:	[8086:2ff8] ff:0f.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Buffered Ring Agent (rev 02)
[8086:2ff9] ff:0f.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Buffered Ring Agent (rev 02)
[8086:2ffc] ff:0f.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 System Address Decoder & Broadcast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2ffd] ff:0f.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 System Address Decoder & Broadcast Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2ffe] ff:0f.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 System Address Decoder & Broadcast Registers (rev 02)
IOMMU group 3:	[8086:2f1d] ff:10.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCIe Ring Interface (rev 02)
[8086:2f34] ff:10.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCIe Ring Interface (rev 02)
[8086:2f1e] ff:10.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Scratchpad & Semaphore Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2f7d] ff:10.6 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Scratchpad & Semaphore Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2f1f] ff:10.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Scratchpad & Semaphore Registers (rev 02)
IOMMU group 4:	[8086:2fa0] ff:12.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Home Agent 0 (rev 02)
[8086:2f30] ff:12.1 Performance counters: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Home Agent 0 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 5:	[8086:2fa8] ff:13.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Target Address, Thermal & RAS Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2f71] ff:13.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Target Address, Thermal & RAS Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2faa] ff:13.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel Target Address Decoder (rev 02)
[8086:2fab] ff:13.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel Target Address Decoder (rev 02)
[8086:2fac] ff:13.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel Target Address Decoder (rev 02)
[8086:2fad] ff:13.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel Target Address Decoder (rev 02)
[8086:2fae] ff:13.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO Channel 0/1 Broadcast (rev 02)
[8086:2faf] ff:13.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO Global Broadcast (rev 02)
IOMMU group 6:	[8086:2fb0] ff:14.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 0 Thermal Control (rev 02)
[8086:2fb1] ff:14.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 1 Thermal Control (rev 02)
[8086:2fb2] ff:14.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 0 ERROR Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fb3] ff:14.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 1 ERROR Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fbc] ff:14.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 0 & 1 (rev 02)
[8086:2fbd] ff:14.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 0 & 1 (rev 02)
[8086:2fbe] ff:14.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 0 & 1 (rev 02)
[8086:2fbf] ff:14.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 0 & 1 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 7:	[8086:2fb4] ff:15.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 2 Thermal Control (rev 02)
[8086:2fb5] ff:15.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 3 Thermal Control (rev 02)
[8086:2fb6] ff:15.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 2 ERROR Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2fb7] ff:15.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 0 Channel 3 ERROR Registers (rev 02)
IOMMU group 8:	[8086:2f68] ff:16.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 1 Target Address, Thermal & RAS Registers (rev 02)
[8086:2f6e] ff:16.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO Channel 2/3 Broadcast (rev 02)
[8086:2f6f] ff:16.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO Global Broadcast (rev 02)
IOMMU group 9:	[8086:2fd0] ff:17.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Integrated Memory Controller 1 Channel 0 Thermal Control (rev 02)
[8086:2fb8] ff:17.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 2 & 3 (rev 02)
[8086:2fb9] ff:17.5 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 2 & 3 (rev 02)
[8086:2fba] ff:17.6 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 2 & 3 (rev 02)
[8086:2fbb] ff:17.7 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DDRIO (VMSE) 2 & 3 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 10:	[8086:2f98] ff:1e.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Power Control Unit (rev 02)
[8086:2f99] ff:1e.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Power Control Unit (rev 02)
[8086:2f9a] ff:1e.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Power Control Unit (rev 02)
[8086:2fc0] ff:1e.3 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Power Control Unit (rev 02)
[8086:2f9c] ff:1e.4 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Power Control Unit (rev 02)
IOMMU group 11:	[8086:2f88] ff:1f.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 VCU (rev 02)
[8086:2f8a] ff:1f.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 VCU (rev 02)
IOMMU group 12:	[8086:2f00] 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 DMI2 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 13:	[8086:2f02] 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 14:	[8086:2f03] 00:01.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 15:	[8086:2f04] 00:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 16:	[8086:2f08] 00:03.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev 02)
IOMMU group 17:	[8086:2f28] 00:05.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Address Map, VTd_Misc, System Management (rev 02)
[8086:2f29] 00:05.1 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 Hot Plug (rev 02)
[8086:2f2a] 00:05.2 System peripheral: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 RAS, Control Status and Global Errors (rev 02)
[8086:2f2c] 00:05.4 PIC: Intel Corporation Xeon E7 v3/Xeon E5 v3/Core i7 I/O APIC (rev 02)
IOMMU group 18:	[8086:8d7c] 00:11.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset SPSR (rev 05)
[8086:8d62] 00:11.4 SATA controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset sSATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 05)
IOMMU group 19:	[8086:8d31] 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 05)
IOMMU group 20:	[8086:8d3a] 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset MEI Controller #1 (rev 05)
IOMMU group 21:	[8086:15a1] 00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation Ethernet Connection (2) I218-V (rev 05)
IOMMU group 22:	[8086:8d2d] 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 05)
IOMMU group 23:	[8086:8d20] 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset HD Audio Controller (rev 05)
IOMMU group 24:	[8086:8d10] 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev d5)
IOMMU group 25:	[8086:8d16] 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset PCI Express Root Port #4 (rev d5)
IOMMU group 26:	[8086:8d18] 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev d5)
IOMMU group 27:	[8086:8d1c] 00:1c.6 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset PCI Express Root Port #7 (rev d5)
IOMMU group 28:	[8086:8d26] 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 05)
IOMMU group 29:	[8086:8d47] 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset LPC Controller (rev 05)
[8086:8d02] 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset 6-Port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 05)
[8086:8d22] 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation C610/X99 series chipset SMBus Controller (rev 05)
IOMMU group 30:	[10de:1b81] 03:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP104 [GeForce GTX 1070] (rev a1)
[10de:10f0] 03:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP104 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
IOMMU group 31:	[10de:0400] 04:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation G84 [GeForce 8600 GTS] (rev a1)
IOMMU group 32:	[1106:3483] 06:00.0 USB controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VL805 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 01)
IOMMU group 33:	[1b21:1242] 07:00.0 USB controller: ASMedia Technology Inc. ASM1142 USB 3.1 Host Controller
IOMMU group 34:	[1b4b:9215] 08:00.0 SATA controller: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. Device 9215 (rev 11)

 

Archived

This topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.

Account

Navigation

Search

Search

Configure browser push notifications

Chrome (Android)
  1. Tap the lock icon next to the address bar.
  2. Tap Permissions → Notifications.
  3. Adjust your preference.
Chrome (Desktop)
  1. Click the padlock icon in the address bar.
  2. Select Site settings.
  3. Find Notifications and adjust your preference.