Actually after a few things back and forth I found a thread where a user suggested, that if a whole drive (e.g. /dev/sdd) is formatted with extra or even xfs (I tested both today), it will NOT be mountable, because it seems to search for logical? partitions (e.g. /dev/sdd1) and if that one is present, then it works with Unassigned Devices Plugin.
So I actually formatted the backup drive today using unRAID (and xfs), went back to Ubuntu, copied everything from the mdadm raid set up back to the disk (which - by the way - showed up as /dev/sd*1) and once that was done, moved back to unRAID, cleared the HDDs and made an array.
The backup disk is now perfectly mountable.
I am not sure why it is crucial to have /dev/sd*x instead of just /dev/sd*, but I got my issue solved.