For anyone having issues with launching this in 2023+, the problem is that the default CLI args are quote enclosed. Remove the quotes from the CLI_ARGS variable and things should work.
Known working default setting for CLI_ARGS is this (in my setup):
--gameid minetest --worldname world
See the GitHub support thread (this post: https://github.com/linuxserver/docker-minetest/issues/47#issuecomment-1340970445) for more information.