Went through several other steps, but did not make any progress. Ran restore to an external drive and that seemed to grab everything just fine. Then as a last ditch effort I ran the repair command:
root@laffy:/etc# btrfs check --repair --force /dev/sdg1
enabling repair mode
Opening filesystem to check...
WARNING: filesystem mounted, continuing because of --force
Checking filesystem on /dev/sdg1
UUID: 8bdd3d07-cbb0-4d53-a9f2-da67099186ea
[1/7] checking root items
Fixed 0 roots.
[2/7] checking extents
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
Ignoring transid failure
super bytes used 258022117376 mismatches actual used 258022100992
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
Ignoring transid failure
No device size related problem found
[3/7] checking free space tree
[4/7] checking fs roots
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
Ignoring transid failure
...identical reponses delted for bervity...
[5/7] checking only csums items (without verifying data)
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
Ignoring transid failure
[6/7] checking root refs
Recowing metadata block 2151677952
parent transid verify failed on 2151677952 wanted 14578466 found 14578474
Ignoring transid failure
[7/7] checking quota groups skipped (not enabled on this FS)
found 516044218368 bytes used, no error found
total csum bytes: 415007296
total tree bytes: 1490927616
total fs tree bytes: 743276544
total extent tree bytes: 180305920
btree space waste bytes: 374203586
file data blocks allocated: 943655108608
referenced 490961231872
Ran check one more time and it came back clean. Remounted filesystem as RW and remained stable (normally it would go RO in about 30 seconds). Did a full reboot and all services are back online including all containers. Watching for stability at this point.
Disk location is installed. I just ran an update on that plugin and updated all Docker containers. The Dashboard came back. Not entirely sure which issue resolved the problem, but the Docker container update likely spun up all disks noting your issue that you found. I will keep an eye on this.