I was able to change the UUID of the disk to match the UUID from windows by changing it with darkpart then using the free version of Paragon Backup and Recovery (bootable) to repair the startup. The baremetal windows now boots fine with the disk UUID matching what is reported by 'wmic csproduct get UUID'. Windows also reported that authentication was fine at this stage.
Unfortunately this still causes boot issues in the VM. After a couple cycles of INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE, it gives me a different error (usually something about missing EFI or a BCD error). If I keep trying, it'll cycle back through INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE and one of these other errors, but if I boot into safe mode from this error, it'll boot up. I'm then able to reboot into normal mode (without doing anything in safe mode) and it works fine within the VM. But if I go back to baremetal, it gives me the same loop of issues. A few cycles of INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE before I get an error that allows me to boot into safe mode, then it will boot fine.
This also doesn't solve my authentication issues. In the VM, windows says I'm not authenticated, and this persists back into the baremetal boot.