I just put in a brand new power supply that's overkill for my needs but supplies SATA power to all my drives without the needs for adapters. I got curious so I booted into my BIOS and noticed that my LSI adapter only showed 7 of 8 drives even in BIOS. I had four extra SATA ports on my MOBO that were open so I swapped those HDDs back to the onboard SATA ports and everything booted up just fine. I'm not sure if it's the LSI card or the cables that are the issue, but I have a replacement for both on the way as the cards and cables are cheap. I wanted to have all my drives on my array running in logical order physically inside of my box, but I guess it really doesn't matter all that much as long as the drives are working and UNRAID knows where each one is.
In the meantime, I'm running a rebuild on that drive that said it failed. I guess my family will have to live one more day without access to their entertainment. C'est la vie.
I used to have Molex>SATA power adapters and everywhere else that I read online told me that was not super safe and to switch to SATA>SATA if I needed the extra SATA power so I'm curious as to why you'd recommend the opposite. That said, in my situation it's a moot point as I now have a modular power supply that fits my current needs and gives me the headroom for growth.
I'm going to mark this as resolved. I'll post my steps below for future reference.
*SOLUTION*
Drives were randomly throwing SMART errors and showing up as missing after reboots. The first drive that did that I just swapped out for a formatted replacement and redownloaded everything because at that point I had rebuilt the parity drive.
When another drive failed I suspected it was hardware related. I was running all my array drive and parity through LSI card and used some SATA>SATA extensions for power. I swapped for more reliable SATA power (bigger PSU) and moved problematic HDDs from LSI card back to mobo as I had some open slots. Everything works much more reliable. I'm guessing it wasn't actually PSU related but is an issue with my 4-SATA SFF-8087 Multi-Lane Forward Breakout Internal Cables or the LSI HBA SAS 9207-8i PCI-E 3.0 card. I have replacements on the way and if I have time I'll test them to see if they were at fault.
Thanks for the help guys.