It appears this is the community version of Odoo. To get the accounting module you need to upgrade to enterprise version, you'll notice when you look at the accounting module there is no activate button but rather an upgrade button. There is an upgrade that needs to be done as per here.
I'm going to have a tinker and see what I can work out.
Edit: I believe I have enterprise working.
Be aware that doing this will start a 30 day trial, after that time you will be required to purchase a year long subscription.
Back your shit up!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
You need to get the web_enterprise module and throw it in the extra-addons folder. It was mapped when installing the Odoo docker container.
It will be something like /mnt/user/appdata/odoo/extra-addons/
I found the web_enterprise addon in the source install. I downloaded those files here. Grab the enterprise source. Open that archive and dive into this folder \odoo-17.0+e.20240313\odoo\addons and find a folder called web_enterprise.
Copy that folder to your extra-addons folder.
Now go and edit the Odoo container, switch on advanced view and pop the following in your Post Arguments:
-d <database_name> -i web_enterprise --stop-after-init
Replace <database_name> with the name of your database you configured in odoo.conf, don't include < or > in the database name.
Apply and run the Odoo container.
It will run, upgrade the database then stop. You can check logs to see if there was any funny business.
Edit the Odoo container again, remove the text we put in Post Arguments and hit apply.
The container should now start up in enterprise mode and you'll have a nifty little dashboard with all the apps you use regularly.
Edit 2:
Found an issue. While it allows you to activate your sub, it seems to not want to play ball with the app installer. After play around some more it decided to go back to telling me I need to upgrade.
Working on another ideal.
Edit 3:
After some tinkering, I found if you copy all the sub folders in the addons folder from the source install archive into your extra-addons folder, remove the odoo container completely, then run -d <database_name> -i web_enterprise --stop-after-init on install, edit container then remove those args and start everything up normally those upgrade buttons become activate buttons.
Now the only problem I seem to have is on the app selection screen are my icons are missing their action icon pictures are just show a box with a ! in it. Anything I install after the upgrade however seems to have an icon.
Edit 4:
Everything was going well until I tried to activate the knowledge module. Now it's just throwing a bunch of errors about missing modules and unmet dependencies. As much as I like docker, I think I'm going to end up spinning up a linux VM to make this work.