Solutions
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Gh0sty's post in SOLVED - 7.0.0 - Terminal closing after 10 seconds was marked as the answerI tested it again with my notebook, which does not show this behaviour.
I suspect my desktop's internet security software is the cause of this behaviour.
Edit: Turns out it's the G-Data Internet Security WebPortection.
Adding the URL of my Unriad server to the exception list solved the problem, the terminal won't close and the VNC console can successfully connect to the VM.