It first tries to get the latest release's version number, and then inserts it into the url to get the link https://github.com/bwssytems/ha-bridge/releases/download/v4.5.6/ha-bridge-4.5.6.jar but in your case the first part failed and it got blank, hence the wrong url: https://github.com/bwssytems/ha-bridge/releases/download/v/ha-bridge-.jar
You can place the jar file into the config folder, and then set the environment variable
-e VERSION="4.5.6"
That way it will find it locally and will use it until your connection issue is resolved.
EDIT: To see what issue it's having, can you exec into the container with "docker exec -it Home-Automation-Bridge bash" and then run the following?
curl -sX GET https://api.github.com/repos/bwssytems/ha-bridge/releases/latest | grep 'tag_name' | cut -d\" -f4
It should give you "v4.5.6"