Disk was disabled:
Aug 26 14:12:51 storage kernel: md: disk10 write error, sector=583032
You stopped the array:
Aug 26 14:16:27 storage kernel: mdcmd (38): nocheck cancel
You replaced the disk and started the array, disk was unmountable immediately at array start:
Aug 26 14:18:25 storage root: mount: /mnt/disk10: can't read superblock on /dev/md10.
What you should do here if to first start the array with the emulated disk, before replacing, it would already be unmountable.
What it sounds like, it should only be used after a new config if parity is valid, it wasn't in your case since there was a disable disk before the new config.