I would stop the docker service, (Settings - docker), delete the image, then re-enable the service followed by Apps, Previous Apps and check off what you want back installed.
If that doesn't work, post up your Tools - Diagnostics.
Each app has it's own permission requirements that may or may not be compatible with SMB. Quite normal and to be expected. By running New Permissions and including the Appdata share you may (or may not) impact the ability of the container to run (although at first thought this doesn't appear to be why yours refuses to run, unless you were also running a docker folder instead of an image in which case yes you've completely trashed the image, hence my comment above.
This is the reason why (if you've got FCP installed) there also exists a Docker Safe New Permissions Tool which will not let you run against the appdata share.