It happened because the array was started with just a single device and there were already a lot of errors, likely from a pool device dropping offline previously, the balance didn't finish because of the errors or it was canceled, and when you added the second device back it was wiped, there would have been a warning in red "all data on this device will be deleted at array start".
You can try this on the wiped device (sdb in the log):
btrfs-select-super -s 1 /dev/sdX1
If the command is successful then make Unraid "forget" the pool by starting the array without any cache devices assigned, then stop array, re-assign only sdb and see if it mounts, if it does wipe sdc with blkdiscard and add it back to the pool, if it doesn't there are some recovery options here.