Not easily, because the partition would remain the original size, you'd need to extend that first before extending the filesystem.
Stop the array, if Docker/VM services are using the cache pool disable them, unassign all cache devices, start array to make Unraid "forget" current cache config, stop array, disconnect old failing device, assign the remaining old and new pool devices (there can't be an "All existing data on this device will be OVERWRITTEN when array is Started" warning for any cache device), re-enable Docker/VMs if needed, start array.