ATA errors are in the syslog, like these:
Aug 17 14:06:48 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0)
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300)
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd ef/10:06:00:00:00:00 (SET FEATURES) succeeded
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd f5/00:00:00:00:00:00 (SECURITY FREEZE LOCK) filtered out
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd b1/c1:00:00:00:00:00 (DEVICE CONFIGURATION OVERLAY) filtered out
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd ef/10:06:00:00:00:00 (SET FEATURES) succeeded
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd f5/00:00:00:00:00:00 (SECURITY FREEZE LOCK) filtered out
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: ACPI cmd b1/c1:00:00:00:00:00 (DEVICE CONFIGURATION OVERLAY) filtered out
Aug 17 14:06:50 The-Dark-Tower kernel: ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133
Less than before so far, but hey followed the parity disk, so that suggests a device problem.
Wait for the btrfs operation to stop, then stop array, unassign the 2Tb device (leave it unassigned for now), start array, wait for btrs balance to finish once more, after that is done you can stop the array and create a new pool.
Unlikely that a dying flash drive would make Unraid crash without anything being logged, but you can replace it if you want:
https://wiki.unraid.net/Manual/Changing_The_Flash_Device
Since cache is NVMe don't see how having the array on the HBA would interfere with downloads to the cache device, are you sure this is reproducible, i.e., if you change the disks to the HBA again you start having the issue again.
https://wiki.unraid.net/index.php/File_System_Conversion
That looks more hardware related, especially if it happens with both v6.10 and v6.11, but try going back to v6.9 to confirm if it's still stable there.