It appears that the GPT corruption is causing an error that makes Unraid not even detect the exiting partition, I have no experience repairing GPT partitions, quick google search found this:
http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/repairing.html
Another option would be to create a new partition on top of that one, it should work but I would recommend cloning the disk first with dd and try on the clone, if it works it might only mount with UD, not on the array/cache, but it would at least allow you to access the data.
P.S. don't try to change the btrfs UUID, it won't help and can cause further problems.