UD can't mount Synology drives, IIRC they use an MD/btrfs raid combo, you'd need to transfer the data using the network, you can still mount the Synology share with UD.
Last extended test on disk6 was many years ago, run a new one, UDMA CRC errors are a connection issue, just acknowledge and make sure it doesn't keep increasing.
And you say they show up in the BIOS? It's strange, according to the log there's no drives connected except the optical drive:
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata7: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata1: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata6: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata4: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata9: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata8: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata5: SATA link down (SStatus 4 SControl 300)
Mar 1 03:02:11 Matthews kernel: ata10: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
Problem with disk2 looks more like a connection/power problem, but the fact that you mention mechanical noises makes me suspect a power issue, replace cables or PSU and try the parity sync again with the same disk.
Writes to a mirror will always have to go to both drives, and it can never be faster than the slowest drive, for reads it could use the faster device, btrfs currently doesn't do that, though it's planned for the future.
UDMA CRC is a connection problem, usually the SATA cable, replace it, note that the attribute doesn't reset, but as long as it doesn't keep increasing problem is solved.