In the future, simply attach the diagnostics directly to the post. Many other users (including me depending upon mood) do not like visiting random sites to download the zip file
Your issues relate to this
May 7 07:09:19 Tower kernel: BTRFS info (device sdb1): bdev /dev/sdb1 errs: wr 0, rd 0, flush 0, corrupt 4559, gen 0
May 7 07:09:19 Tower kernel: BTRFS info (device sdb1): bdev /dev/sdc1 errs: wr 0, rd 0, flush 0, corrupt 135292, gen 0
Usual cause for corruption on a btrfs cache pool would be memory failing. I'd start by running a memtest for minimum a pass (ideally a couple of passes), especially since it's older memory
And I'd guess based upon the size of the image that you're creating (100G) that you've had issues with the image filling up in the past. Review the Docker FAQ, as there's a couple of posts in there about the image filling up. If you can't sort it out, then switch to a docker folder instead of a docker image as it then has the maximum size of the cache pool, but only takes up the amount of space that is currently in use. (Sorting out why though is the preference)