I didn't follow everything you did, and your log is very difficult to analyze since it's spammed with various unrelated errors, I did see cache filesystem was corrupt, and I also see you're using a Marvell 9230 controller, those controllers are a known problem with Linux, they tend to drop disks without a reason, btrfs is particularly sensible to dropped disks, and corruption beyond repair is possible, even likely if it keeps happening, I suggest you replace that controller with for example an LSI HBA.
Also, btrfs --check repair should only be used if told so by a btrfs maintainer or as a last resort, since many times it can do more harm than good, more info about btrfs recovery here.